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Risk Assessment in Tunnelling
January 1, 1998
Herndon, VA, USA
Risk Assessment in Tunnelling
Example of probabilistic modelling - to predict costs at tender stage
Stage 1
Mudstone Type 1 
Microdiorite Type 2 
Microdiorite 
Scree
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 1 - Geological model
Stage 2 - Support model
Stage 3 - Cost prediction
Stage 4 - Revise models based on actual conditions to future cost forcast