NATM by any other name

The use of the NATM system for building tunnels in North America has not exactly caught on since its introduction in 1983. The first NATM projects in America are the Washington Metro (WMATA) Red Line and the Port Authority railway tunnel at Mt Lebanon near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Both of these tunnels were built by the Austrian contractor, Ilbau.
WMATA's estimate for building the Red Line's B-10 Section was placed at over $80 million. A pleasant surprise followed when Ilbau came in with an accepted bid of $52 million. This project was successful and established NATM as a tunnelling technique.